ABSTRACT The frequency of extreme weather events has increased in almost all regions of the world. In this context, it is vital to understand how the location, scale, and shape of their frequency distributions are changing over time. This study used the flexibility of neural networks to model changes in the probability of daily extremes of maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature data in Campinas, Brazil — one of South America’s longest meteorological records spanning from 1890 to 2022. Based on the Extremal Types Theorem, we employed a conditional density network to model the parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution (GEV-CDN) as functions of time. Our findings indicate that a GEV-based model, where the location and scale parameters vary over time, best described the variations in the Tmin series. However, a GEV-based model with only the location parameter varying over time best described the variations in the Tmax series. From an agrometeorological perspective, these results suggest that the probability of Tmax values leading to crop failures is rapidly increasing. The findings indicate a decrease in the probability of agronomic frost events in Campinas over the past 133 years, but the rate of this decrease has slowed in recent years. This result, combined with the negative value of the GEV’s shape parameter, suggests that it is unlikely that Campinas may become an agronomic-frost-free region. To facilitate visualization of the changes in the probability of Tmax and Tmin values from 1890 to 2022, we have developed an internet application available at https://climatology-iac.shinyapps.io/Shinny/.

Abstract The pedigree analysis from genealogical data can estimate the inbreeding from identity-by-descent, being a powerful tool for germplasm characterization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of peach and nectarine cultivars from the Agronomic Institute Prunus germplasm. This assessment was based on inbreeding and coancestry coefficients, considering two cases according to the origin of pollen donor in open pollinations: case I as self-pollinated, and case II as outcrossing. This study provided information regarding the founder cultivars. The historical investigation of the genealogy of 84 cultivars returned up to eight generations. Thirty-one founder cultivars were identified. The inbreeding coefficient of 40 (case I) and 14 (case II) for the cultivars were higher than expected, evidencing some degree of inbreeding. However, the averages for the coancestry coefficients were low (case I: 0.144; case II: 0.087), indicating genetic variability among the cultivars, which may be used in breeding programs.

ABSTRACT The improvement of probabilistic assessments of extreme air temperature events is a major goal for agrometeorological studies. The regional frequency analysis based on L-moments (RFA-Lmom) has been successfully used to improve the study of hydrometeorological variables such as extreme rainfall events. This study investigated the hypothesis that the RFA-Lmom can be applied to extreme maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature data. The RFA-Lmon was calculated considering its original algorithm (multiplicative approach) and a new procedure referred as to additive approach. The suitability of both approaches was evaluated through Monte Carlo experiments, which simulated homogeneous and heterogeneous groups of Tmin and Tmax series, and through a case study based on weather stations situated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The results found in this study indicated that the RFA-Lmom can be applied to Tmax and Tmin data in tropical/subtropical regions such as the state of São Paulo. In addition, the additive approach consistently outperformed the multiplicative approach. Both discordance and heterogeneous measures presented their best performances when calculated under this new approach. The original goodness-of-fit measure may also be replaced by its bivariate extension when the group is formed by more than 15 series.

Abstract Macadamia is a nut tree native to Australian rainforest. Due to the small wild populations and the economic interest, studies assessing genetic information are fundamental for use and conservation of this species. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the structure and genetic diversity of 28 cultivars of macadamia originated from United States, Australia and Brazil, introduced or developed by the Agronomic Institute’s breeding program, using 29 new microsatellite loci. The microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity (3.65 alleles per locus on average). Our results also suggested the existence of no genetic structure between cultivars, regardless of their geographic origin. The modified Rogers’ distances between cultivars ranged from 0.227 to 0.671. Despite the lack of information about genealogy, the cultivars from this Brazilian germplasm showed moderate genetic diversity, so they can be used as parents in future crosses.

RESUMEN Los árboles de macadamia requieren un largo período para empezar la floración cuando se propagan por semillas. Para anticipar el rendimiento, mantener las características del cultivar y aumentar la homogeneidad de la calidad de las nueces, es esencial establecer huertos con árboles injertados. Aunque se han realizado ensayos de propagación de esta planta por estacas semileñosas en Brasil, ningún método ha demostrado ser el apropiado a gran escala debido a las dificultades en la implementación de las técnicas o al alto costo. El establecimiento de un protocolo eficiente y accesible puede proporcionar una gran mejora a esta cadena productiva ya que satisfará la demanda de viveros y estimulará la expansión de los huertos. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un protocolo para la propagación de macadamia por estacas semileñosas. Seis cultivares (HAES 344, HAES 816, HAES 660, IAC 4-12B, IAC 9-20, e IAC 4-20) fueron evaluados y seleccionados por su amplio cultivo en Brasil. El material de propagación se recolectó durante cuatro meses (octubre y noviembre de 2018 y febrero y marzo de 2019). Las estacas semileñosas se sumergieron en ácido indolbutírico (AIB) en tres concentraciones diferentes (0, 5, o 10 g L-1), y en el producto comercial Clonex®. El experimento se realizó siguiendo un diseño bidireccional con cuatro repeticiones y los datos fueron analizados por el software R. El cultivar IAC 4-12B mostró el índice más alto para el desarrollo de las raíces (37.0%). Los tratamientos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las dosis de AIB y Clonex® para el desarrollo de las raíces (AIB 10 g L-1 - 31.5%, Clonex® - 29.4%, AIB 5 g L-1 -27.4%). Noviembre fue la mejor temporada de recolección para el enraizamiento de las estacas semileñosas (10.0%).

ABSTRACT Macadamia trees require a long period for flowering when propagated by seeds. To anticipate the yield, maintain cultivar characteristics, and increase the homogeneity of nut quality, it is essential to establish orchards with grafted trees. Although semi-hardwood cutting propagation tests have been performed in Brazil, no method has been shown to be appropriate at a large scale due to the difficulties in implementation of techniques or the high cost. Establishing an effective and affordable protocol may provide great improvement to this productive chain since it will meet the demand of nurseries and stimulate the expansion of orchards. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for macadamia semi-hardwood cutting propagation. Six cultivars (HAES 344, HAES 816, HAES 660, IAC 4-12B, IAC 9-20, and IAC 4-20) were evaluated and selected because of their ample cultivation in Brazil. The propagation material was collected for four months (October and November 2018, and February and March 2019). The semi-hardwood cuttings were also soaked in indole butyric acid (IBA) at three different concentrations (0, 5, or 10 g L-1) and in the commercial product Clonex®. The experiment was arranged in a two-way completely randomized design with four replicates and data were analyzed by R software. The cultivar IAC 4-12B showed the highest index for root development (37.0%). The treatments did not show significant differences between IBA doses and Clonex® for root development (IBA 10 g L-1 - 31.5%, Clonex® - 29.4%, and IBA 5 g L-1 - 27.4%). November was the best cutting season for root development of semi-hardwood cuttings (10.0%).

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de 19 porta-enxertos clonais sobre o crescimento vegetativo e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas dos pessegueiros (Prunus persica) 'BRS Kampai' e 'BRS Rubimel'. No período de 2014 a 2018, foram realizados dois ensaios em campo, nos municípios de Jarinu e Jundiaí, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as cultivares BRS Kampai e BRS Rubimel enxertadas em 19 porta-enxertos clonais, além de suas copas autoenraizadas, em Jarinu e Jundiaí, respectivamente. Em Jarinu, os porta-enxertos Barrier, Cadaman, 'Capdeboscq', Flordaguard, GxN9, I-67-52-4, 'Okinawa', México Fila-1, Nemared, Tsukuba-2 e Tsukuba-3, além da copa autoenraizada, apresentaram melhor desempenho para crescimento vegetativo e teores de nutrientes nas folhas. Em Jundiaí, todos os genótipos, exceto Marianna 2624 e Mirabolano 29C, não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quanto ao crescimento vegetativo. O desempenho de 'BRS Kampai' e 'BRS Rubimel' autoenraizadas é similar ao dos porta-enxertos tradicionais, como 'Okinawa'. Assim, as cultivares-copa avaliadas podem ser consideradas alternativa interessante para locais com condições bióticas e abióticas de solo adequadas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 19 clonal rootstocks on the vegetative growth and foliar nutrient contents of the 'BRS Kampai' and 'BRS Rubimel' peach (Prunus persica) trees. In the period of 2014 to 2018, two field trials were carried out in the municipalities of Jarinu and Jundiaí, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel cultivars, budded on 19 clonal rootstocks, besides their own-rooted scions, were evaluated in Jarinu and Jundiaí, respectively. In Jarinu, the Barrier, Cadaman, 'Capdeboscq', Flordaguard, GxN9, I-67-52-4, 'Okinawa', México Fila-1, Nemared, Tsukuba-2, and Tsukuba-3 rootstocks, as well as the own-rooted scion, showed the best performance for vegetative growth and foliar nutrient contents. In Jundiaí, all genotypes, except Marianna 2624 and Mirabolano 29C, did not show any statistical difference regarding vegetative growth. The performance of own-rooted 'BRS Kampai' and 'BRS Rubimel' is similar to that of traditional rootstocks, such as 'Okinawa'. Therefore, the evaluated scion cultivars may be an interesting alternative for sites with suitable biotic and abiotic soil conditions.

ABSTRACT The selection of an appropriate nonstationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution is frequently based on methods, such as Akaike information criterion (AIC), second-order Akaike information criterion (AICc), Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and likelihood ratio test (LRT). Since these methods compare all GEV-models considered within a selection process, the hypothesis that the number of candidate GEV-models considered in such process affects its own outcomehas been proposed. Thus, this study evaluated the performance of these four selection criteria as function of sample sizes, GEV-shape parameters and different numbers candidate GEV-models. Synthetic series generated from Monte Carlo experiments and annual maximum daily rainfall amounts generated by the climate model MIROC5 (2006-2099; State of São Paulo-Brazil) were subjected to three distinct fitting processes, which considered different numbers of increasingly complex GEV-models. The AIC, AICc, BIC and LRT were used to select “the most appropriate” model for each series within each fitting process.BIC outperformed all other criteria when the synthetic series were generated from stationary GEV-models or from GEV-models allowing changes only in the location parameter (linear or quadratic). However, this latter method performed poorly when the variance of the series varied over time. In such cases, AIC and AICc should be preferred over BIC and LRT. The performance of all selection criteria varied with the different number of GEV-models considered in each fitting processes. In general, the higher the number of GEV-models considered within aselection process, the worse the performance of the selection criteria. In conclusion, the number of GEV-models to be used within a selection process should be set with parsimony.

ASBTRACT Peach as commercial crop in Brazil is usually grown in open vase training system. However, in the 1970s large orchards changed to the Y-shaped system and higher density of plants. This system is the most used in São Paulo state because it allows orchard densification. However, the longevity of the trees is reduced from 15 to 8 years being the excessive exposure of internal branches to solar radiation the main reason for the reduction. Aiming to offer new alternatives of training system for peach, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the fruiting wall in comparison to Y-shaped, using the cultivar Tropic Beauty budded onto cultivar Okinawa. Ten plants by treatment were used as repetition and microclimatic equipment was installed inside the plant to measure temperature and solar radiation. Values of soluble solids (°Brix) were 9.64 to fruiting wall and 9.59 to Y-shaped, not statistically different. However most of fruit physicochemical characteristics were favorable to the fruiting wall system: fruit weight (g) – 97.56 and 90.44; pulp yield (g) – 92.42 and 85.70; pulp firmness (Kg∙cm–2) – 4.27 and 3.50; titratable acidity (g citric ac.∙100 ml–1) – 0.76 and 0.71; and ratio – 12.79 and 13.58, respectively to fruiting wall and Y-shaped. Solar radiation transmission and maximum daily temperature values for the Y-shaped were higher when compared to fruiting wall at harvest. The obtained data show that the fruiting wall training system could be an alternative to Brazilian’s growers for producing superior fruit quality without yield reduction.

A noz-de-macadâmia tem grande potencial de mercado, mas ainda é pouco explorada no Brasil. As condições de clima e solo de uma região têm grande influência na fenologia, qualidade, produtividade e sustentabilidade do cultivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o zoneamento agroclimático da nogueira-macadâmia para o Brasil. Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações que relacionassem o desenvolvimento da planta e suas necessidades climáticas para estabelecimento de classes de aptidão e posterior mapeamento das regiões aptas, marginais e inaptas para o cultivo. Foram utilizados dados médios de 30 anos de temperatura do ar e precipitação mensal de 1.073 estações climatológicas no Brasil. Como resultado, observou-se que São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, sul de Minas Gerais, leste de Mato Grosso do Sul e oeste do Paraná apresentam condições favoráveis para o cultivo de macadâmia.

The macadamia nut has a growing market with great potential, but still little explored in Brazil. The regional climate and soil conditions have extreme importance to crop sustainability exerting great influence on phenology, quality and productivity. The aim of this study was to make the agroclimatical zoning of macadamia nut to Brazil. For this purpose, information about the relationship of climate requirements and plant development were used to establish classes of capability and subsequent mapping of suitable, marginal and unsuitable regions for nut production. Mean air temperature and precipitation data from 1073 Brazilian weather stations were used. Each station had at least 30 years of data. As a result São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, southern Minas Gerais, eastern Mato Grosso do Sul, and west of Paraná had favorable conditions for macadamia nuts cultivation.

A evolução das plantas cultivadas, que teve início há cerca de 13.000 anos, está sujeita aos mesmos processos evolutivos naturais, aliada à ação do homem de forma consciente ou inconsciente, levando à domesticação. Nesta revisão, são apresentados os principais fatores evolutivos, tais como mutação, hibridação, migração, seleção e deriva genética, que, de alguma maneira, estão envolvidos com a origem, evolução e domesticação de plantas cultivadas. São apresentados também exemplos de como esses processos influenciaram na diversidade intra e interespecífica de plantas cultivadas, com o aparecimento de novas variedades ou mesmo de novas espécies. De modo geral, tais processos atuaram na ampliação, na manutenção, bem como na redução da variabilidade genética das plantas cultivadas.

The evolution of crop plants, which began at about 13,000 years ago, is subject to the same natural evolutionary processes, coupled with the action of man, consciously or unconsciously, leading to domestication. This review presents the main evolutionary factors such as mutation, hybridization, migration, selection and genetic drift, which somehow are involved in the origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants. Examples of how these processes influenced in the intra and interespecific diversity of crop plants, with the uprise of new varieties or even of new species, are also presented. In general, these processes have worked well in the increase, maintenance, as well as in the reduction of genetic diversity of crop plants.

A utilização do umezeiro ou damasqueiro-japonês (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) como porta-enxerto de Prunus sp. vem despertando grande interesse em função de sua rusticidade, resistência a pragas e doenças, adaptação e, principalmente, por reduzir o porte de pessegueiros e nectarineiras. Visto que trabalhos prévios constataram baixo enraizamento de alguns clones de umezeiro e um estímulo a este processo em estacas herbáceas com uso de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB, objetivou-se no presente trabalho estudar o enraizamento de estacas de pessegueiro e clones selecionados de umezeiros tratados com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) na forma líquida. Estacas lenhosas do pessegueiro 'Okinawa' e dos clones de umezeiro Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 e Clone IAC-XIX, foram padronizadas com 25 cm de comprimento, ausentes de folhas e 5 cm de suas bases tratadas com AIB, nas concentrações 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg.L-1, por cinco segundos. As estacas foram colocadas em leito de areia umedecido, coberto com sombrite 50% de luminosidade. As avaliações ocorreram após 90 dias após o estaqueamento, avaliou-se a porcentagem de estacas vivas, com calos, enraizadas, brotadas e o número médio de raízes por estacas. Concluiu-se que a concentração de 2000 mg.L-1 de AIB promoveu os melhores resultados para a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, com calos e número médio de raízes por estacas. De uma forma geral, o Clone IAC-X demonstrou-se superior entre os demais no enraizamento de suas estacas.

The use of the japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb & Zucc.) as rootstock of Prunus sp. has raised a great interest due to its rusticity, resistance to plagues and diseases, adaptation and mainly for reducing the peach and nectarines. Since previous works had evidenced low cut of rooting of some clones of japanese apricot and stimulation to this process in herbaceous of cut using 2000 mg.L-1 of AIB, the objective of the present work was to study the rooting clones of peach and japanese apricot cutting treated with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA). Woody cutting of the peach tree 'Okinawa' and clones of japanese apricot Clone IAC-2, Clone IAC-X, Clone IAC-10 and Clone IAC-XIX, were standardized with 25 cm of length, absent of leaves and treated with IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg.L-1) for five seconds. The cuttings were placed under nursery conditions with 50% of brightness. After 90 days, the alive cutting, rooting, callous and sprouted percentage, medium number of roots of cutting were evaluated. The concentration of 2000 mg.L-1 of IBA promoted the best results of rooting percentage, callous percentage and medium number of roots of cutting. In general, Clone IAC-X demonstrated better cutting of rooting among the other clone.

O conhecimento dos estádios florais e do desenvolvimento das nozes da nogueira-macadâmia é indispensável para o adequado manejo das plantas, visando a pesquisas de polinização e de cruzamentos controlados. Pesquisaram-se, neste trabalho, os padrões fenológicos temporais de sete cultivares de macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia), do banco de germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). Verificaram-se pequenas variações entre os estágios fenológicos iniciais, desde a emissão dos rácemos até a fase de botão floral inchado. O ciclo desde a emissão do botão floral até a queda dos frutos foi de 253 dias. Os estágios fenológicos - frutos maduros e queda dos frutos - ocorreram a partir do dia 10 de fevereiro até o final de março.

The knowledge of phenological stages and nut development of macadamia trees is essential for the adequate management of the plant, aiming pollination studies and controlled crossing between cultivars, needed in breeding programs. The phenological temporal patterns of seven macadamia cultivars selected at the Instituto Agronômico (IAC) were researched in the collection of cultivars. Small variations were verified among the initial phenological stages, from emission of the racemes up to the swollen flower bud stage. The complete cycle, from the flower bud emission to the fruit dropping took 253 days. The phenological stages - mature fruits and fruit dropping - occurred from the second tenth of February to the end of March.